L'ÉROTISME D'UN AVION SE RUANT DANS UN NUAGE DE CENDRES DE PLUIE OU LES GARDIENS DE LA GALAXIE.
PHOTO DU CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS
OU
DARK OBSCUR.
Yusuf (ibn Ali) Karamanli, Caramanli or Qaramanli or al-Qaramanli (most commonly Yusuf Karamanli), (1766 – 1838) was the best-known Pasha (reigned 1795-1832) of the Karamanli dynasty (1711–1835) of Tripolitania (in present-day Libya).
Assumption of the throne
Main article: 1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war
The Tripolitanian civil war was a conflict from 1793 to 1795 which occurred in what is today the country of Libya. Ali Benghul, an Ottoman officer, deposed Hamet Karamanli, the ruler of Tripolitania, who had ruled since the end of the corrupt and ineffective rule of Ali I in 1793. Hamet and his brother Yusuf returned to Tripoli with the aid of the Bey of Tunis and took control of the throne.[2]
Following the end of the war Hamet Karamanli was initially returned to the throne, ruling again as Ahmad II Pasha from 20 January 1795 until 11 June 1795, when Hamza Yusuf deposed him, seized the throne, and sent Hamet into exile. Hamet later tried unsuccessfully to return and seize the throne with American support in the Battle of Derne during the First Barbary War.
Karamanli was born in Tripoli in 1766, a member of the Karamanli dynasty (named after the Karamanids in Turkey), was originally of Turkish origin.[2] His brother, Hamet Karamanli, was deposed in 1793 by Ottoman officer Ali Benghul; Benghul proceeded to restore Ottoman rule over Tripoli. In 1795 Yusuf returned to Tripoli, and with the aid of Hammuda Pacha (ruler) of Tunis, seized the throne, exiling Hamet and restoring Karamanli rule.
Barbary Wars
Main articles: First Barbary War and Second Barbary War
In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from United States President Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, confident in the ability of the new United States Navy to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands, leading the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole before the American consulate.
The US Navy successfully blockaded Tripoli's harbors in 1803. After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the USS Philadelphia, the pasha soon found himself threatened with invasion by American ground forces following the Battle of Derna and the reinstatement of his deposed brother, Hamet Karamanli, recruited by the American army officer William Eaton. He signed a treaty ending the war on June 10, 1805.
Decline of the Karamanli (Caramanli) dynasty
By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up corsair activity almost entirely, and Tripoli's economy began to crumble. [1] Yusuf attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the trans-Saharan trade, but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree the United States, this failed to salvage Tripoli's economy. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons; though Yusuf abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli. [2]
References
http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Libya.htm
Fredriksen 2001, 265.
Notes
^ Hume 311.
^ US Country Studies
Bibliography
Fredriksen, John C. (2001), "Karamanli, Yusuf", America’s Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-603-2.
References
Folayan, Kola Tripoli during the reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli. Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1979.
Hume, L. J. "Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham." The Journal of African History 21.3 (1980): 311-322.
London, Joshua E. Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-471-44415-4
McLachlan, K. S. "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551-1850)." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 3.3 (1978): 285-294.
Books
LAFI (Nora), Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795-1911), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 305 p.
External links
US Country Studies: Libya
Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania
Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania
List of rulers of the Karamanli Dynasty (1711–1835)
Ahmed I (29 July 1711 - 4 November 1745)
Mehmed Pasha (4 November 1745 - 24 July 1754)
Ali I Pasha (24 July 1754 - 30 July 1793)
Ali Burghul Pasha Cezayrli (30 July 1793 - 20 January 1795) (usurper)
Ahmed II (20 January - 11 June 1795)
Yusuf Karamanli (11 June 1795 - 20 August 1832)
Mehmed Karamanli (1817) (1st time, in rebellion)
Mehmed ibn Ali (1824) (1st time, in rebellion)
Mehmed Karamanli (1826) (2nd time, in rebellion)
Mehmed Karamanli (July 1832) (3rd time, in rebellion)
Mehmed ibn Ali (1835) (2nd time, in rebellion)
Ali II Karamanli (20 August 1832 - 26 May 1835)
---------------------------------------------
Africa
North Africa
Salihid dynasty (Rif, 710–1019)
Muhallabids (Ifriqiya, 771–793)
Aghlabids (Ifriqiya, 800–909)
Tulunids (Egypt, 868–905)
Ikhsisids (Egypt, 935–969)
Zirids (Ifriqiya, 973–1148)
Hammadids (Western Ifriqiya, 1008–1152)
Almoravids (Morocco and Al-Andalus, 1040–1147)
Almohads (Morocco, Ifriqiya, Central Maghreb and Al-Andalus, f. 1130, r. 1147–1269)
Ayyubids (Egypt, 1171–1341)
Hafsid dynasty (Ifriqiya, 1229–1574)
Nasrid dynasty (Granada and Ceuta, 1232–1492)
Ziyyanid dynasty (Tlemcen, 1235–1556)
Marinid dynasty (Morocco, f. 1244, r. 1269–1465)
Bahri dynasty (Egypt, 1250–1382)
Burji dynasty (Egypt, 1382–1517)
Wattasid dynasty (Morocco, 1472–1554)
Saadi Dynasty (Morocco, f. 1509, r. 1554–1659)
Kingdom of Ait Abbas (Algeria, f. 1510, r. 1510–1872)
Alaouite Dynasty (Morocco, f. 1631, r. 1666–present)
Husainid Dynasty (Tunisia, 1705–1957)
Karamanli dynasty (Libya, 1711–1835)
Muhammad Ali Dynasty (Egypt, 1805–1952)
Sayyid Muhammad Ahmad Al Mahdi dynasty (Sudan, 1845–1885)
Sayyid Abd Al Rahman Mahdi dynasty (Sudan, 1885–1960)
Horn of Africa
Sultanate of Mogadishu (10th–16th centuries)
Sultanate of Showa (1180–1279)
Sultanate of Ifat (13th century)
Walashma Dynasty (13th–16th centuries)
Warsangali Sultanate (1298–present)
Adal Sultanate (c. 1415–1555)
Ajuran Sultanate (14th–17th centuries)
Mudaito Dynasty (16th century–present)
Sultanate of Harar (1526–1577)
Imamate of Aussa (1577–1672)
Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
Sultanate of Geledi (18th–19th centuries)
Majeerteen Sultanate (mid-18th century–early 20th century)
Kingdom of Gomma (early 19th century–1886)
Kingdom of Jimma (1830–1932)
Kingdom of Gumma (1840–1902)
Sultanate of Hobyo (19th century–1925)
African Great Lakes
Pate Sultanate (1203–1870)
Sennar (sultanate) (1523–1821)
Sultans on the Comoros
Wituland (1858–1923)
Central and West Africa
Za Dynasty in Gao (11th century–1275)
Sayfawa dynasty (1075–1846)
Mali Empire (c. 1230–c. 1600)
Keita Dynasty (1235–c. 1670)
Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591)
Bornu Empire (1396–1893)
Kingdom of Baguirmi (1522–1897)
Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901)
Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851)
Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
Toucouleur Empire (1836–1890)
Europe
Sicily
Aghlabid Sicily (827–909)
Eastern Europe and Russia
Volga Bulgaria (7th century–1240s)
Emirate of Crete (820s–961)
Avar Khanate (early 13th–19th century)
Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552)
Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
Nogai Horde (1440s–1634)
Qasim Khanate (1452–1681)
Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)
Khanate of Sibir (1490–1598)
Pashalik of Scutari (1757–1831)
Pashalik of Berat (1774–1809)
Pashalik of Yanina (1788–1822)
House of Zogu (1928–1939)
Spain and Portugal
Caliphate of Córdoba (756–1017, 1023–1031)
Taifa of Alpuente (1009–1106)
Taifa of Badajoz (1009–1151)
Taifa of Morón (1010–1066)
Taifa of Toledo (1010–1085)
Taifa of Tortosa (1010–1099)
Taifa of Arcos (1011–1145)
Taifa of Almería (1010–1147)
Taifa of Denia (1010–1227)
Taifa of Valencia (1010–1238)
Taifa of Murcia (1011–1266)
Taifa of Albarracín (1012–1104)
Taifa of Zaragoza (1013–1110)
Taifa of Granada (1013–1145)
Taifa of Carmona (1013–1150)
Taifa of Santa María de Algarve (1018–1051)
Taifa of Mallorca (1018–1203)
Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1093)
Taifa of Seville (1023–1091)
Taifa of Niebla (1023–1262)
Taifa of Córdoba (1031–1091)
Taifa of Mértola (1033–1151)
Taifa of Algeciras (1035–1058)
Taifa of Ronda (1039–1065)
Taifa of Silves (1040–1151)
Taifa of Málaga (1073–1239)
Taifa of Molina (c. 1080's–1100)
Taifa of Lorca (1228–1250)
Taifa of Menorca (1228–1287)
Emirate of Granada (1228–1492)
Asia
Arabian Peninsula
Ziyadid dynasty (819–1018)
Sharif of Mecca (967–1925) Since 1631
Uyunid dynasty (1076–1240)
Rasulid (1229–1454)
Kathiri (Hadhramaut) (1395–1967)
Jabrids (15th–16th century)
Tahiride (1454–1526)
Qawasim Dynasty (Ras al Khaymah) (1727–present)
House of Saud (1744–present)
House of Al-Sabah (1752–present)
Al Nahyan family (1761–present)
Ajman (18th Century–present)
Qawasim Dynasty (Sharjah) (18th century–present)
Umm al-Quwain (1775–present)
Al Khalifa family (1783–present)
Mahra Sultanate (18th century–1967)
House of Thani (1825–present)
Al Maktoum (1833–present)
Al Rashid (1836–1921)
Lower Yafa (19th century–1967)
Upper Yafa (19th century–1967)
Sharqi Dynasty (1876–present)
Qu'aiti (1902–1967)
Emirate of Beihan (1903–1967)
Syria and Iraq
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
Artuqids (11th–12th century)
Burid dynasty (1104–1154)
Zengid dynasty (1127–1250)
Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341)
Baban (1649–1850)
Hashemite Dynasty of Iraq (1921–1958)
Hashemite Dynasty of Jordan (1921–present)
Asia Minor (Modern Turkey)
Mengujekids (1071–1277)
Saltukids (1072–1202)
Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Shah-Armens (1100–1207)
Chobanids (1227–1309)
Karamanids (c. 1250–1487)
Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)
Menteşe (c. 1261–1424)
Ahis (c. 1380–1362)
Hamidids (c. 1280–1374)
Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Ladik (c. 1300–1368)
Isfendiyarids (Jandarids, c. 1300–1461)
Teke (1301–1423)
Sarukhanids (1302–1410)
Karasids (1303–1360)
Aydinids (1307–1425)
Ramadanids (1352–1516)
Iran and Caucasus
Shirvanshah (799–1579)
Dulafid dynasty (early 9th century–897)
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
Tahirid dynasty (821–873)
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
Sajids (889–929)
Farighunid (late 9th–early 11th centuries)
Ma'danids (late 9th–11th centuries)
Ormus (10th–17th centuries)
Sallarid (942–979)
Shaddadid (951–1199)
Rawadid (955–1071)
Annazid (990–1116)
Hadhabani (11th century)
Seljuq dynasty (11th–14th centuries)
Hazaraspids (1148–1424)
Khorshidi dynasty (1155–1597)
Mihrabanids (1236–1537)
Muzaffarids (1335–1393)
Shirvan Khanate (1748–1820 AD)
Savakhvakho Dynasty (3.8.1563—26.8.1844)
Shaki Khanate (1743–1819 AD)
Maku Khanate (1747-1922 AD)
Central Asia
Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212)
Al Muhtaj (10th–early 11th centuries)
Ghaznavids (963–1187)
Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty (1077–1231)
Ghurids (1148–1215)
Gabare Jahangiri Dynasty (1190–1520)
Kartids (1231–1389)
Timurid Empire (1370–1507) of the Timurid dynasty
Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785)
Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
Khanate of Kokand (1709–1876)
Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738)
Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
Barakzai Dynasty (1826–1973)
White Horde (1360–1428)
Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1920)
South Asia
Soomra Dynasty, Soomra (1026–1351)
House of Theemuge (1166–1388)
Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) (1206–1290)
Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1398)
Samma Dynasty (1335–1520)
Katoor Dynasty (1560–1969)
Shah Mir Dynasty (1339–1561)
Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1487)
Faruqi dynasty (1382–1601)
Hilaalee dynasty (1388–1558)
Muzaffarids (1391–1583)
Malwa Sultanate (1401–1561)
Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)
Malerkotla State of Sherwanis (1446–1947)
Lodi dynasty or Lodhi dynasty (1451–1526)
Hussain Shahi Fatimid dynasty (1494–1538)
Arghun Dynasty (late 15th–16th centuries)
Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Suri Dynasty (1540–1556)
Arakkal (1545–18th century)
Utheemu dynasty (1632–1692)
Khan of Kalat (1666–1958)
Nawab of the Carnatic (1690–1801)
Isdhoo dynasty (1692–1704)
Dhiyamigili dynasty (1704–1759)
Nawab of Bhopal (1723–1947)
Asif Jah Dynasty, Nizam of Hyderabad (1724–1948)
Babi Dynasty (1735–1947)
Mysore Kingdom (1749–1799)
Huraa dynasty (1759–1968)
Tonk (princely state) (1798–1947)
Baoni Nawabs (1784–1948)
Sidi dynasty of Janjira and Jafrabad (1759–1948)
Orakzai dynasty of Kurwai, Basoda and Mohammadgarh (1713–1948)
Miyana dynasty of Savanur (1672–1948)
Durrani Empire (1747–1842)
South-East Asia
Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
Sultan of Kelantan (1267–present)
Pasai (1267–15th century)
Brunei (14th century–present)
Sultanate of Malacca (1402–1511)
Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677)
Sultanate of Tidore (1450–1904)
Sultanate of Sulu (1405–present)
Sultan of Pahang (1470–present)
Sultanate of Ternate (1465–present)
Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518)
Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903)
Kingdom of Maynila (1500–1571)
Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s)
Pattani Kingdom (1516–1771)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813)
Sultan of Perak (1528–present)
Johor Sultanate (1528–present)
Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586)
Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680)
Sultanate of Deli(1632–1946)
Sultanate of Sambas (1671–1950)
Sultanate of Terengganu (1725–present)
Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (1725–1946)
Sultan of Selangor (mid-18th century – present)
Sultanate of Gowa (1593–1960)
Surakarta Sunanate (1745–present)
Kingdom of Aman (1485–1832)
Yogyakarta Sultanate (1755–present)
Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911)
See also
List of Shi'a Muslim dynasties and List of Muslim empires and dynasties...
AINSI, CHERES et CHERS SUJETS AINSI QUE VOTRE MAJESTE...
Un meurtre est un homicide1 volontaire.
Sommaire
1 En droit français
1.1 Le meurtre général
1.2 Le meurtre spécial
1.3 L'élément matériel
2 Voir aussi
3 Notes et références
En droit français
En France, le meurtre est défini à l'article 221-1 [archive] du code pénal. Il s'agit du « fait de donner volontairement la mort à autrui » et est puni de trente ans de réclusion criminelle.
Le meurtre suppose la réalisation d'un élément moral et matériel. L'élément moral se caractérise par un dol général et un dol spécial.
L'auteur doit avoir commis des violences volontaires dans l'intention de provoquer la mort d'autrui. Si le résultat n'aboutit pas malgré la volonté de l'auteur, on parle de tentative de meurtre.
Un meurtre par autodéfense est un acte volontaire mais à causes atténuantes. Il est faiblement puni s'il y a preuve de l'agression.
Lorsqu'il y a préméditation, on parle d'assassinat.
Le meurtre général
Le meurtre général se caractérise par la volonté de commettre un acte de violence envers une personne ou un animal.
Le meurtre spécial
Il se caractérise par la volonté de tuer une personne.
L'élément matériel
Il se caractérise par l'exécution de cette volonté. Ainsi, pratiquer le vaudou et insuffler des sorts n'est pas considéré comme étant un acte pouvant réellement aboutir à la mort. Cette pratique ne peut donc constituer une tentative de meurtre. De même, imaginer le scénario de la mort de quelqu'un n'est pas répréhensible puisqu'il relève de la pensée. En revanche, mettre en œuvre matériellement ce plan constitue le crime (c'est le résultat effectif qui différencie meurtre et tentative de meurtre).
Voir aussi
Homicide
Assassinat
Murderabilia
1 ↑ Définitions lexicographiques [archive] et étymologiques [archive] de « meurtre » du Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales
RAPPORT DE
Y'BECCA
ET DES INSTANCES DE JUSTICE
DE LA LOI DU MISERICORDIEUX:
YAHVE, ALLAH, L'ETERNEL ET AINSI
J'ENTENDS LE CRI DE TON FRERE ABEL, CAIN... QU'EN PENSEZ VOUS ?
The Temptations - My Girl
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IUG-9jZD-g
PHOTO DU CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS
OU
DARK OBSCUR.
Yusuf (ibn Ali) Karamanli, Caramanli or Qaramanli or al-Qaramanli (most commonly Yusuf Karamanli), (1766 – 1838) was the best-known Pasha (reigned 1795-1832) of the Karamanli dynasty (1711–1835) of Tripolitania (in present-day Libya).
Assumption of the throne
Main article: 1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war
The Tripolitanian civil war was a conflict from 1793 to 1795 which occurred in what is today the country of Libya. Ali Benghul, an Ottoman officer, deposed Hamet Karamanli, the ruler of Tripolitania, who had ruled since the end of the corrupt and ineffective rule of Ali I in 1793. Hamet and his brother Yusuf returned to Tripoli with the aid of the Bey of Tunis and took control of the throne.[2]
Following the end of the war Hamet Karamanli was initially returned to the throne, ruling again as Ahmad II Pasha from 20 January 1795 until 11 June 1795, when Hamza Yusuf deposed him, seized the throne, and sent Hamet into exile. Hamet later tried unsuccessfully to return and seize the throne with American support in the Battle of Derne during the First Barbary War.
Karamanli was born in Tripoli in 1766, a member of the Karamanli dynasty (named after the Karamanids in Turkey), was originally of Turkish origin.[2] His brother, Hamet Karamanli, was deposed in 1793 by Ottoman officer Ali Benghul; Benghul proceeded to restore Ottoman rule over Tripoli. In 1795 Yusuf returned to Tripoli, and with the aid of Hammuda Pacha (ruler) of Tunis, seized the throne, exiling Hamet and restoring Karamanli rule.
Barbary Wars
Main articles: First Barbary War and Second Barbary War
In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from United States President Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, confident in the ability of the new United States Navy to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands, leading the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole before the American consulate.
The US Navy successfully blockaded Tripoli's harbors in 1803. After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the USS Philadelphia, the pasha soon found himself threatened with invasion by American ground forces following the Battle of Derna and the reinstatement of his deposed brother, Hamet Karamanli, recruited by the American army officer William Eaton. He signed a treaty ending the war on June 10, 1805.
Decline of the Karamanli (Caramanli) dynasty
By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up corsair activity almost entirely, and Tripoli's economy began to crumble. [1] Yusuf attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the trans-Saharan trade, but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree the United States, this failed to salvage Tripoli's economy. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons; though Yusuf abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli. [2]
References
http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Libya.htm
Fredriksen 2001, 265.
Notes
^ Hume 311.
^ US Country Studies
Bibliography
Fredriksen, John C. (2001), "Karamanli, Yusuf", America’s Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-603-2.
References
Folayan, Kola Tripoli during the reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli. Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1979.
Hume, L. J. "Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham." The Journal of African History 21.3 (1980): 311-322.
London, Joshua E. Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-471-44415-4
McLachlan, K. S. "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551-1850)." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 3.3 (1978): 285-294.
Books
LAFI (Nora), Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795-1911), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 305 p.
External links
US Country Studies: Libya
Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania
Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania
List of rulers of the Karamanli Dynasty (1711–1835)
Ahmed I (29 July 1711 - 4 November 1745)
Mehmed Pasha (4 November 1745 - 24 July 1754)
Ali I Pasha (24 July 1754 - 30 July 1793)
Ali Burghul Pasha Cezayrli (30 July 1793 - 20 January 1795) (usurper)
Ahmed II (20 January - 11 June 1795)
Yusuf Karamanli (11 June 1795 - 20 August 1832)
Mehmed Karamanli (1817) (1st time, in rebellion)
Mehmed ibn Ali (1824) (1st time, in rebellion)
Mehmed Karamanli (1826) (2nd time, in rebellion)
Mehmed Karamanli (July 1832) (3rd time, in rebellion)
Mehmed ibn Ali (1835) (2nd time, in rebellion)
Ali II Karamanli (20 August 1832 - 26 May 1835)
---------------------------------------------
Africa
North Africa
Salihid dynasty (Rif, 710–1019)
Muhallabids (Ifriqiya, 771–793)
Aghlabids (Ifriqiya, 800–909)
Tulunids (Egypt, 868–905)
Ikhsisids (Egypt, 935–969)
Zirids (Ifriqiya, 973–1148)
Hammadids (Western Ifriqiya, 1008–1152)
Almoravids (Morocco and Al-Andalus, 1040–1147)
Almohads (Morocco, Ifriqiya, Central Maghreb and Al-Andalus, f. 1130, r. 1147–1269)
Ayyubids (Egypt, 1171–1341)
Hafsid dynasty (Ifriqiya, 1229–1574)
Nasrid dynasty (Granada and Ceuta, 1232–1492)
Ziyyanid dynasty (Tlemcen, 1235–1556)
Marinid dynasty (Morocco, f. 1244, r. 1269–1465)
Bahri dynasty (Egypt, 1250–1382)
Burji dynasty (Egypt, 1382–1517)
Wattasid dynasty (Morocco, 1472–1554)
Saadi Dynasty (Morocco, f. 1509, r. 1554–1659)
Kingdom of Ait Abbas (Algeria, f. 1510, r. 1510–1872)
Alaouite Dynasty (Morocco, f. 1631, r. 1666–present)
Husainid Dynasty (Tunisia, 1705–1957)
Karamanli dynasty (Libya, 1711–1835)
Muhammad Ali Dynasty (Egypt, 1805–1952)
Sayyid Muhammad Ahmad Al Mahdi dynasty (Sudan, 1845–1885)
Sayyid Abd Al Rahman Mahdi dynasty (Sudan, 1885–1960)
Horn of Africa
Sultanate of Mogadishu (10th–16th centuries)
Sultanate of Showa (1180–1279)
Sultanate of Ifat (13th century)
Walashma Dynasty (13th–16th centuries)
Warsangali Sultanate (1298–present)
Adal Sultanate (c. 1415–1555)
Ajuran Sultanate (14th–17th centuries)
Mudaito Dynasty (16th century–present)
Sultanate of Harar (1526–1577)
Imamate of Aussa (1577–1672)
Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
Sultanate of Geledi (18th–19th centuries)
Majeerteen Sultanate (mid-18th century–early 20th century)
Kingdom of Gomma (early 19th century–1886)
Kingdom of Jimma (1830–1932)
Kingdom of Gumma (1840–1902)
Sultanate of Hobyo (19th century–1925)
African Great Lakes
Pate Sultanate (1203–1870)
Sennar (sultanate) (1523–1821)
Sultans on the Comoros
Wituland (1858–1923)
Central and West Africa
Za Dynasty in Gao (11th century–1275)
Sayfawa dynasty (1075–1846)
Mali Empire (c. 1230–c. 1600)
Keita Dynasty (1235–c. 1670)
Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591)
Bornu Empire (1396–1893)
Kingdom of Baguirmi (1522–1897)
Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901)
Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851)
Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
Toucouleur Empire (1836–1890)
Europe
Sicily
Aghlabid Sicily (827–909)
Eastern Europe and Russia
Volga Bulgaria (7th century–1240s)
Emirate of Crete (820s–961)
Avar Khanate (early 13th–19th century)
Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552)
Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
Nogai Horde (1440s–1634)
Qasim Khanate (1452–1681)
Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)
Khanate of Sibir (1490–1598)
Pashalik of Scutari (1757–1831)
Pashalik of Berat (1774–1809)
Pashalik of Yanina (1788–1822)
House of Zogu (1928–1939)
Spain and Portugal
Caliphate of Córdoba (756–1017, 1023–1031)
Taifa of Alpuente (1009–1106)
Taifa of Badajoz (1009–1151)
Taifa of Morón (1010–1066)
Taifa of Toledo (1010–1085)
Taifa of Tortosa (1010–1099)
Taifa of Arcos (1011–1145)
Taifa of Almería (1010–1147)
Taifa of Denia (1010–1227)
Taifa of Valencia (1010–1238)
Taifa of Murcia (1011–1266)
Taifa of Albarracín (1012–1104)
Taifa of Zaragoza (1013–1110)
Taifa of Granada (1013–1145)
Taifa of Carmona (1013–1150)
Taifa of Santa María de Algarve (1018–1051)
Taifa of Mallorca (1018–1203)
Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1093)
Taifa of Seville (1023–1091)
Taifa of Niebla (1023–1262)
Taifa of Córdoba (1031–1091)
Taifa of Mértola (1033–1151)
Taifa of Algeciras (1035–1058)
Taifa of Ronda (1039–1065)
Taifa of Silves (1040–1151)
Taifa of Málaga (1073–1239)
Taifa of Molina (c. 1080's–1100)
Taifa of Lorca (1228–1250)
Taifa of Menorca (1228–1287)
Emirate of Granada (1228–1492)
Asia
Arabian Peninsula
Ziyadid dynasty (819–1018)
Sharif of Mecca (967–1925) Since 1631
Uyunid dynasty (1076–1240)
Rasulid (1229–1454)
Kathiri (Hadhramaut) (1395–1967)
Jabrids (15th–16th century)
Tahiride (1454–1526)
Qawasim Dynasty (Ras al Khaymah) (1727–present)
House of Saud (1744–present)
House of Al-Sabah (1752–present)
Al Nahyan family (1761–present)
Ajman (18th Century–present)
Qawasim Dynasty (Sharjah) (18th century–present)
Umm al-Quwain (1775–present)
Al Khalifa family (1783–present)
Mahra Sultanate (18th century–1967)
House of Thani (1825–present)
Al Maktoum (1833–present)
Al Rashid (1836–1921)
Lower Yafa (19th century–1967)
Upper Yafa (19th century–1967)
Sharqi Dynasty (1876–present)
Qu'aiti (1902–1967)
Emirate of Beihan (1903–1967)
Syria and Iraq
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
Artuqids (11th–12th century)
Burid dynasty (1104–1154)
Zengid dynasty (1127–1250)
Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341)
Baban (1649–1850)
Hashemite Dynasty of Iraq (1921–1958)
Hashemite Dynasty of Jordan (1921–present)
Asia Minor (Modern Turkey)
Mengujekids (1071–1277)
Saltukids (1072–1202)
Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Shah-Armens (1100–1207)
Chobanids (1227–1309)
Karamanids (c. 1250–1487)
Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)
Menteşe (c. 1261–1424)
Ahis (c. 1380–1362)
Hamidids (c. 1280–1374)
Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Ladik (c. 1300–1368)
Isfendiyarids (Jandarids, c. 1300–1461)
Teke (1301–1423)
Sarukhanids (1302–1410)
Karasids (1303–1360)
Aydinids (1307–1425)
Ramadanids (1352–1516)
Iran and Caucasus
Shirvanshah (799–1579)
Dulafid dynasty (early 9th century–897)
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
Tahirid dynasty (821–873)
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
Sajids (889–929)
Farighunid (late 9th–early 11th centuries)
Ma'danids (late 9th–11th centuries)
Ormus (10th–17th centuries)
Sallarid (942–979)
Shaddadid (951–1199)
Rawadid (955–1071)
Annazid (990–1116)
Hadhabani (11th century)
Seljuq dynasty (11th–14th centuries)
Hazaraspids (1148–1424)
Khorshidi dynasty (1155–1597)
Mihrabanids (1236–1537)
Muzaffarids (1335–1393)
Shirvan Khanate (1748–1820 AD)
Savakhvakho Dynasty (3.8.1563—26.8.1844)
Shaki Khanate (1743–1819 AD)
Maku Khanate (1747-1922 AD)
Central Asia
Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212)
Al Muhtaj (10th–early 11th centuries)
Ghaznavids (963–1187)
Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty (1077–1231)
Ghurids (1148–1215)
Gabare Jahangiri Dynasty (1190–1520)
Kartids (1231–1389)
Timurid Empire (1370–1507) of the Timurid dynasty
Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785)
Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
Khanate of Kokand (1709–1876)
Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738)
Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
Barakzai Dynasty (1826–1973)
White Horde (1360–1428)
Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1920)
South Asia
Soomra Dynasty, Soomra (1026–1351)
House of Theemuge (1166–1388)
Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) (1206–1290)
Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1398)
Samma Dynasty (1335–1520)
Katoor Dynasty (1560–1969)
Shah Mir Dynasty (1339–1561)
Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1487)
Faruqi dynasty (1382–1601)
Hilaalee dynasty (1388–1558)
Muzaffarids (1391–1583)
Malwa Sultanate (1401–1561)
Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)
Malerkotla State of Sherwanis (1446–1947)
Lodi dynasty or Lodhi dynasty (1451–1526)
Hussain Shahi Fatimid dynasty (1494–1538)
Arghun Dynasty (late 15th–16th centuries)
Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Suri Dynasty (1540–1556)
Arakkal (1545–18th century)
Utheemu dynasty (1632–1692)
Khan of Kalat (1666–1958)
Nawab of the Carnatic (1690–1801)
Isdhoo dynasty (1692–1704)
Dhiyamigili dynasty (1704–1759)
Nawab of Bhopal (1723–1947)
Asif Jah Dynasty, Nizam of Hyderabad (1724–1948)
Babi Dynasty (1735–1947)
Mysore Kingdom (1749–1799)
Huraa dynasty (1759–1968)
Tonk (princely state) (1798–1947)
Baoni Nawabs (1784–1948)
Sidi dynasty of Janjira and Jafrabad (1759–1948)
Orakzai dynasty of Kurwai, Basoda and Mohammadgarh (1713–1948)
Miyana dynasty of Savanur (1672–1948)
Durrani Empire (1747–1842)
South-East Asia
Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
Sultan of Kelantan (1267–present)
Pasai (1267–15th century)
Brunei (14th century–present)
Sultanate of Malacca (1402–1511)
Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677)
Sultanate of Tidore (1450–1904)
Sultanate of Sulu (1405–present)
Sultan of Pahang (1470–present)
Sultanate of Ternate (1465–present)
Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518)
Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903)
Kingdom of Maynila (1500–1571)
Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s)
Pattani Kingdom (1516–1771)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813)
Sultan of Perak (1528–present)
Johor Sultanate (1528–present)
Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586)
Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680)
Sultanate of Deli(1632–1946)
Sultanate of Sambas (1671–1950)
Sultanate of Terengganu (1725–present)
Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (1725–1946)
Sultan of Selangor (mid-18th century – present)
Sultanate of Gowa (1593–1960)
Surakarta Sunanate (1745–present)
Kingdom of Aman (1485–1832)
Yogyakarta Sultanate (1755–present)
Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911)
See also
List of Shi'a Muslim dynasties and List of Muslim empires and dynasties...
AINSI, CHERES et CHERS SUJETS AINSI QUE VOTRE MAJESTE...
Un meurtre est un homicide1 volontaire.
Sommaire
1 En droit français
1.1 Le meurtre général
1.2 Le meurtre spécial
1.3 L'élément matériel
2 Voir aussi
3 Notes et références
En droit français
En France, le meurtre est défini à l'article 221-1 [archive] du code pénal. Il s'agit du « fait de donner volontairement la mort à autrui » et est puni de trente ans de réclusion criminelle.
Le meurtre suppose la réalisation d'un élément moral et matériel. L'élément moral se caractérise par un dol général et un dol spécial.
L'auteur doit avoir commis des violences volontaires dans l'intention de provoquer la mort d'autrui. Si le résultat n'aboutit pas malgré la volonté de l'auteur, on parle de tentative de meurtre.
Un meurtre par autodéfense est un acte volontaire mais à causes atténuantes. Il est faiblement puni s'il y a preuve de l'agression.
Lorsqu'il y a préméditation, on parle d'assassinat.
Le meurtre général
Le meurtre général se caractérise par la volonté de commettre un acte de violence envers une personne ou un animal.
Le meurtre spécial
Il se caractérise par la volonté de tuer une personne.
L'élément matériel
Il se caractérise par l'exécution de cette volonté. Ainsi, pratiquer le vaudou et insuffler des sorts n'est pas considéré comme étant un acte pouvant réellement aboutir à la mort. Cette pratique ne peut donc constituer une tentative de meurtre. De même, imaginer le scénario de la mort de quelqu'un n'est pas répréhensible puisqu'il relève de la pensée. En revanche, mettre en œuvre matériellement ce plan constitue le crime (c'est le résultat effectif qui différencie meurtre et tentative de meurtre).
Voir aussi
Homicide
Assassinat
Murderabilia
1 ↑ Définitions lexicographiques [archive] et étymologiques [archive] de « meurtre » du Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales
RAPPORT DE
Y'BECCA
ET DES INSTANCES DE JUSTICE
DE LA LOI DU MISERICORDIEUX:
YAHVE, ALLAH, L'ETERNEL ET AINSI
J'ENTENDS LE CRI DE TON FRERE ABEL, CAIN... QU'EN PENSEZ VOUS ?
The Temptations - My Girl
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IUG-9jZD-g